Occupational fraud — that is, fraud committed by employees — is a significant problem for all businesses. According to the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE), organizations lose 5% of their revenue to fraud every year, and manufacturing is among the most frequently hit industries.
The ACFE’s Occupational Fraud 2022: A Report to the Nations is based on data supplied by certified fraud examiners around the world. The report examined 2,110 fraud cases in 133 countries, with a median loss per case of $117,000. Manufacturers were involved in 194 cases, with a median loss of $177,000 — significantly higher than the overall median loss.
Know the common schemes
The ACFE has identified three common categories of occupational fraud:
Asset misappropriation (86% of cases). This occurs when an employee steals or misuses the employer’s resources. Examples include billing schemes, inventory theft and payroll fraud.
Corruption (50% of cases). Bribery, conflicts of interest and extortion are common examples.
Financial statement fraud (9% of cases). In these scenarios, an employee intentionally causes a material misstatement or omission in the organization’s financial statements.
Note that these numbers total more than 100% because many cases involve more than one type of fraud. In the manufacturing industry, the most common fraud schemes are corruption, billing schemes and noncash misappropriations.
In a billing scheme, the perpetrator causes the employer to issue a payment by submitting invoices for fictitious goods or services, inflated invoices, or invoices for personal purchases. For example, a fraudster might create a shell company and bill the employer for services not actually rendered.
Noncash misappropriation involves stealing or misusing the employer’s noncash assets. Examples include stealing or misusing inventory, equipment or confidential customer information.
Stay in control
Implementing antifraud controls is an effective way to combat fraud. Indeed, nearly half of the cases in the ACFE’s report were attributable to either lack of internal controls or management override of existing controls. Generally, the presence of antifraud controls is associated with lower fraud losses and quicker detection.
The ACFE evaluated the effectiveness of different antifraud controls. In terms of reducing losses, the following controls reduced losses by 50% or more:
• Job rotation/mandatory vacation,
• An employee hotline, and
• Surprise audits.
Other effective measures include proactive data monitoring/analysis, an antifraud policy, fraud training for employees, formal fraud risk assessments and an employee code of conduct.
As for shortening the duration of fraud schemes, proactive data monitoring/analysis, surprise audits and job rotation/mandatory vacation were the most effective controls. These measures helped lower the duration of fraud schemes by 50% or more. Conducting formal fraud risk assessments, as well as creating a dedicated fraud department, function or team, were slightly less effective at reducing fraud duration.
Use effective precautions
Notably, some of the most effective controls are underutilized. For example, job rotation/mandatory vacation and surprise audits were each associated with at least 50% reductions in both median fraud loss and median fraud duration. But the ACFE found that they’re among the least commonly implemented controls. Surprise audits were used by just 42% of the victimized organizations in the ACFE’s report, while only 25% of the organizations had job rotation or mandatory vacation policies in place.
The ACFE found that tips from employees or outside parties were the detection method in 42% of the cases in the report. Consistent with previous ACFE studies, tips are by far the most common way that frauds are discovered, underscoring the importance of hotlines for reporting fraud and other violations.
The ACFE reported that fraud losses were two times higher at organizations without hotlines. Email and web-based reporting both surpassed telephone hotlines, so it’s best to provide multiple reporting channels. The report also found that reports of fraud are more likely to be submitted via hotlines if employees receive fraud awareness and reporting training
It can happen to you
Many manufacturers, especially smaller ones, view antifraud controls as unnecessary. You may feel that you know and trust your employees, and it can’t happen to your company. But there may be motivations outside of your control, such as personal financial distress or gambling addictions, that can lead good employees to make bad decisions. By implementing antifraud controls, you can minimize the opportunities for fraud to happen at your company.
The most effective controls for your company depend on a number of factors and can vary by industry. It’s a good idea to benchmark your company’s antifraud controls against those of your peers. Contact your CPA for help fortifying your defenses.
Sidebar: Recognize fraud warning signs
To effectively detect fraud and minimize your losses, it’s important to recognize certain employee behaviors that can be a red flag for fraud. According to Occupational Fraud 2022: A Report to the Nations, a biennial report published by the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, the eight most common red flags are:
1. Living beyond one’s means,
2. Financial difficulties,
3. Unusually close association with a vendor or customer,
4. Control issues and unwillingness to share duties,
5. Irritability, suspiciousness or defensiveness,
6. Bullying or intimidation,
7. Divorce and/or family problems, and
8. “Wheeler-dealer” attitude.
Background checks can be an important tool for combating fraud. However, most frauds are committed by first-time offenders, often motivated by desperate circumstances. According to the 2022 report, 83% of the fraud perpetrators had no prior disciplinary record for fraud-related conduct. Please contact us if you have any questions.
